SCHOLAR: FORMAL CREDENTIALING AND PRIVILEGING

    

THEORY:  EDUCATIONAL BRANCH

According to Dictionary, education can be defined as “the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a school or university.”  Education is the tool by which human inquiry is intrigued.  It is the process that promotes the critical thinking processes were in both students and teachers use the Blooms Taxonomy to gain knowledge.  Blooms Taxonomy is a theory by which states that the process of thinking has several functions which are as follows:  knowledge, application, comprehension, analysis, evaluation, and synthesis (NCBI 2015).  This process essential attempts to look at the knowledge created in society, and it essentially decomposes and decodes the knowledge in an attempt to expand it through reason.  Logic is a byproduct of reason which plays an important role in attempting to look at knowledge in an academic way.  Through the functions of Blooms Taxonomy, knowledge can be verified and validated in this way.  Logic is the basis for reason and can be divided into formal and informal logic.  Formal logic looks at abstract statements which find the conditions by which prepositions concur with a specific statement which is essentially a practice of parsimony (Britannica 2021).  Informal logic on the other hand involves an objective analysis and evaluation to draw a conclusion (Simplicable 2015), processes of Blooms.  Logic is used to determine evidence and supporting evidence which helps with the determination of a plausibility of a statement or theory.  Evidence and supporting evidence essentially create facts.  Facts are considered “truths”.  They are observable and they occur.  What is interesting to note about scientific facts are that they are not definitive.  Facts are observed to depict the probability of such phenomena which occurs as high or low.  High is refined and low is mass.  Facts are always expressed as a probability because there is an uncertainty.  And such uncertainty is the liability by which academics consider when stating a fact.  For example, a fact can be true, but what alters the fact is things as the conditions by which the fact occurred. Henceforth the conditions of any given fact are always dependent on the conditions.  It is such conditions that serve as the liability in expressing facts as a probability.  To delve into this deeper, a medication is given.  The medications method of action is to reduce blood pressure.  Clinical studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of the medication on a specific illness.  Such studies looked at the pathology of the disease with respect to the method of action of the drug.  The drug was found to be effective in segments of the population age 19- 25.  The label says that the medication is found to be effective for such disease.  The keyword here is “found,” because a clinical study was performed.  However, the word “found,” also means there are conditions by which the medication was effective.  There is a room for error here and that is the fact that not all people in that age range were successfully treated with aforementioned drug however enough were treated successfully which then the drug was approved after clinical trials.  Henceforth, the fact that the drug is effective on that age range is backed with that aforesaid conditions resulting in the liability.  The issue here is the process, the drug, the diversity of human beings and the environment.  These are the variables in a control study which serve as a method by which the liability of the low fact is considered.  Henceforth facts are always considerate of this “room for error” as to absolve such liability.  The determination of such “facts,” are dependent on several processes however before delving into that, it is important to be aware of multiple disciplines whereby facts are determined.

 In the discipline of Science, Scientist use scientific experimentation to make observations referred to as empiricism.  Essentially what is done here is that named Scientist make an inquiry in the form of a hypothesis.  Case briefs are utilized in order to determine the ratio decidendi of the honorable judge.  In the judge’s determination of facts he or she looks at precedents, case law and the presentation of the case to make a judicial decision.  This is the method by which the subject of Law uses to make a presentation of facts.  The judge uses vilification in order to be able to determine facts of matter.  In Criminology, Criminologist look at surveys and statistics (Statistical Analysis) done by Statistics Canada, RCMP and other government organization to determine supporting evidence and evidence.  They use quantitative methods in order to speculate on the likelihood that a crime or a victimization based on the information they gather.  Criminologists use investigation to count and measure crime.  In Medicine the Clinical Presentation is used to determine the facts of pathology.  A subject is assessed by Medical Doctors who then observe the signs and symptoms of the patient.  These are then taken, and medical intervention are prescribed.  Essentially, the Clinical Presentation is a method by which Medicine determines of facts of the matter.  Further, Case Scenario are used as a method to obtain preliminary information by which treatment can be effected.  Medical Practitioners use a process by which includes evaluation wherein they use the data exhibited by the patient to make treatments per their profession.  Case Study are used in Political Science to analyze political phenomena it details the background information by which major issues occur.  It also notes the pros and the cons of such political phenomena in an attempt to present facts.  Political Scientists use debate and deliberation to be able to present facts of the matter in order to persuade a direction by which society can be directed.  The Research Analysis is used in Sociology to determine and explain sociological matters in society.  They review the occurrences and attempt to present facts whereby to depict sociological phenomena.  Sociologists use criticism to present facts of the matter as they attempt to compare phenomena in society. 

The general determination of facts pertains to the following:  individual, structural, domestic and foreign with respect to the disciplines above.  Each discipline uses the mentioned approaches to determine the facts pertaining to phenomena that occur in such categories.  For example, in Law, specifically in Litigation.  A plaintiff and defendant retain a lawyer and thus are represented individually by an attorney which then the judge uses the above process to determine facts of the matter.  Another example is in Criminology.  Criminologists look at the domestic society in the event of high crime rates.  Such is the case with large metropolitan cities especially in the transitional zone of the concentric zone theory.  Criminologists use statistics and other qualitative data to be able to come up with crime prevention and crime investigation and law enforcement.

Per the Blooms Taxonomy as mentioned above, these processes are essentially “analysis.”  Analysis breaks down information so that further meaning can be determined via synthesis.  In order, for analysis to even occur, it is a condition that there is a knowledge base.  There is a leeway in the process of critical thinking as it pertains to comprehension and evaluation.  Such leeway is what is referred to as socializing.  The competent are able to practice disciplines through competency whereas those that lack such formality relegated to socializing.  Henceforth, these are conditions to analysis.    The application of knowledge is stipulated in academia which essentially divides the population via granting “freedoms” in the form of credentialing and privileging.  According to Physicians Thrive (2021) “credentialing” can be defined as:  the process in which a [Physician’s] credentials are verified.”  It is a way to determine that a Medical Practitioner graduated and was certified at a Medical School.  Credentialing essentially gives the Physician a license to practice.  A “privilege,” according to Physicians thrive is defined in the scope.  Specifically, Physicians have three main privileges, “admitting privileges, courtesy privileges and surgical privileges.”  Privileges in professions as mentioned are essentially a form of freedom.  The freedom to practice.  Civilian application on the other hand are methods of attempting to comprehend the processes created by academia so that the individual can be aware.  As for synthesis, it is the creation of knowledge, and it is measured in utility.  Utility is the usefulness of something, in this case knowledge.  Both those that exercise formal and informal measures are able to synthesize and these are implemented via diffusion.  The mentioned is the method by which scrutiny occurs.  Scrutiny is used in the process of the determination of fact.  Scrutiny is informal and is utilized to promote intelligent conversation critical thinking whereas vilification, investigation, evaluation, debate/ deliberation, and criticism are formal with regards to the disciplines above.  These informal and formal processes are henceforth used to determine facts of the matter, evidence and supporting evidence in an effort to be informed if working in a profession and aware if a member of the general populace.  Further, ethics separate education and socialization.  Ethics come in the form of “values,” and such values guides the educated in their practice. 

 As it pertains to scientific inquiry, the process by which attempt to explain the logic of phenomena Akers has criteria by which it can be queried.  The following process is as follows:  determine the scope, question the parsimony, identify testability, observe empiricism, test tautology, examine probability/ plausibility, confirm validity (Akers 2013).  Scientists determine the scope of their inquiry.  They place their theory in the context of the subject matter it involves.  By placing the theory into the context, the scientist can observe the theory in action and make observations.  Scientists question the parsimony of the inquiry.  By exploring the abstractness of a theory, it induces imagination.  Scientists identify testability of their inquiry.  They design experiments wherein a hypothesis can be explored.  Scientists observe empiricism.  This is done through the scientific method.  By experimental design Scientist can determine facts of the matter, evidence and supporting evidence.  Scientists test tautology- hypothesis are created via inquiry and through the scientific method a theory is created.  Such theory should be circular and all evidence and supporting evidence should concur with it.  Scientists examine probability/ plausibility.  Making an initial inquiry is important to Science.  Such inquiry should be probable given the societal landscape and with respect to the technological development of the society. Scientists then confirm the validity of their inquiry.  By reviewing the experiment and the data it has created, Scientist create a theory in which such theory can be backed by facts of the matter, evidence and supporting evidence.  This is the base process of the above disciplines and it is based on logic. 

Logic and imagination are intertwined.  Logic can be created through trial and error, a process of reasoning.  Such trial and error create a means by which imagination can be excited because it creates a knowledgebase which then the processes of critical thinking can be used per Blooms Taxonomy.  The trial and error of events and phenomena essentially creates a mind that is receptive to possibilities and opportunities.  It opens the mind to the vast possibilities of endless ideas.  Ideas are contrasted from facts in a sense that facts are proven.  The combination of facts and ideas creates ideology.  Ideology can be defined as, a set of beliefs, values and or morals which stipulate how a society should be (Heywood 2007).  Ideology is supported via political platforms to persuade people to support a direction in which those in authority seek to better society in their favor. Such is the case of the American Dream or Russkiy Mir.  These are essentially propagandas effected in society to transfer and reinforce societal values.  Henceforth, imagination plays a major role in collective agency and imagination is a byproduct of logic as what seems to be illogical are stimulated by it (Ex.  Galileo) and in order to be illogical it must be recognized by logic.  Moreover, imagination plays an important part in attempting to innovate and disrupt the database.  Observations are used as a method by which imagination are excited.  Observations allow the contemporary thinker to be able to see possibilities and opportunities.  The spotting of these is essentially based on experience and the environment. Experience can be defined as, “direct observation of or participation in events as a basis of knowledge” (Merriam Webster 2021).  Experience is based on life chances and happen stance which these occur through socialization and education.  The environment can be sociologically looked at as macro/meso/micro environments.  Through using Critical Sociology to decompose observations, possibilities and opportunities can be determined.  And such can be then effected through the discipline of Political Science via individual, structural, domestic or foreign policy.  Henceforth, society creates a civil environment through the rule of law and normativity- social contract.  These resulted from logic and imagination which then were communicated and decoded in the macro environment and effected through structural and domestic/ foreign policy.  The question here is, are logic and imagination a biological effect or are they sociological constructs?  As it pertains to biological theory it could be speculated that there is a higher probability of being able to achieve logic based on the inherited genes of true breeding wherein generations of offspring create the same phenotype (Urry 2021), in this case the ability to be able to logically think.  However, what is striking here is that logic is a process.  This means it has a sociological component.  Logic is a learned trait thus it is a bio-sociological construct.  Logic henceforth is thus gained via bio-sociological means.  Imagination on the other hand is not biological, it is Sociological.  Einstein didn’t inherit his imagination.  It was harbored because of socialization, education and the environment.  Henceforth logic and imagination are essentially the main tools by which the processes explained in Blooms Taxonomy are intrigued.

With all these concerns, it becomes clear that those that have attained mastery of concepts educated through the institutions of education regulated by the government, commence or have the option to branch out and create their own foundation.  Such branching out is constantly internally scrutinized and fact determination is constantly ongoing against the educational institutions promoted by government regulation to gain validity.  Branching out creates innovation by which conventional education has not yet adopted because the societal demand has not yet been displayed through channels such as normativity.  This creates the private sector of education.  The private sector of education has less resources because it has not yet achieved consensus but seeks to gain it against conventional education.  This creates private interest, a "social construction" by which could be effected in society.  And hence the “educational branch theory.”

SECURITY THEORY OF SOCILIZATION AND EDUCATION

Professions are locked via meritocracy-based system through academia and stipulated by the government.   The ability to experience that freedom can be achieved once the student goes through the system.  The unlocking happens upon graduation wherein credentialing and privileging permit the graduate to practice hence he or she becomes "free" to exercise the competency of their discipline with regulations, a "freedom" unavailable to those that do not go through the system.  Similarly, a meritocracy appointed (government) individual such as a Politician exercises the privilege to determine policy in a municipality.  "Freedom" with respect to this theory shall then henceforth be separated into two categories - direct or indirect.  Direct freedom occurs through privileging and credentialing- Doctors, Lawyers, Scholar are able to practice.  Indirect freedom happens when a person who has achieved direct freedom seeks to benefit the masses- ex.  Politicians, Scientists etc.  Both are granted by the government in the form of concessions in exchange for agency.  Indirect freedom happens because those that have direct freedom went through a government meritocracy-based system and effected society as such to affect concessions given to the populace in the form of residual privileges by which such concession earned people the entitlements as is the case with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.  Such "individual freedoms" are constantly scrutinized by others such as the government and society.  Thus, "indirect freedom" requires a sociological division which are individual or societal "freedoms,” essentially residual privileges granted as concessions via the structural function of the government resulting from the Treaty of Westphalia.  Societal "freedom" on the other hand then comes from the validation of the macromesomicro people in a person’s life via socialization.  An abrasive manager behaves in the way he does because the staff have given him the indirect freedom (it is indirect because it is residually from the government structure) to do so because the staff validate him (micro), ie.  they like him (socialization).  He is also validated because he was appointed in that managerial position by the company (meso).  And lastly, he has the experience and education (meritocracy) necessary from an institution of education stipulated by the government to be in that position (macro).  Thus, the manager has achieved a form of "direct mesosocietal freedom" in the company and the staff are given “perks” by the manager such as going home early which then are "indirect microsocietal freedoms"- they have the ability to individually be off shift.  The staff experience such "indirect freedom" because of the manager and the manager experiences his/ her “direct/ indirect freedoms” because of the staff, the institution and the government.  Individual freedoms and societal freedoms are essentially indirect freedoms that are permitted by the structural function of society per the government.  The difference in "freedoms" is authority and approval.  Education is enforced (authority) and vilified by peers resulting in direct and indirect freedoms and socialization (approval) is normative, scrutinized and validated by peers resulting in indirect freedom.  Of note here is the legal context of education and the social contract of socialization.  This all relates to the civility exhibited in society via the rule of law.  Education and socialization in this view are a representation of vilification and validation of disruption to low culture convention (top-down view) ie.  Those with direct freedom have authority (education) and those with indirect freedoms have the ability to approve (socialization).  The bottom to top view consists of education- approval and socialization- authority- it is henceforth reversed in high culture.  Ex.  Education helped change the conventions of the British Victorians who approved new methods.  Socialization was the authority that helped the French aristocrats abolish feudalism.  This authority and approval process is the check and balance and what’s created is natural law a tenant of civility and a proponent of social control.  What is henceforth resulted is deviance and deterrence.  Pluralism therefore becomes the issue of contention here as people debate and argue over socialization and education.

WORK CITED

Akers, R., et al.  (2013).  Criminological Theories.  New York, USA.  Oxford University Press.

Britannica.  (2021).  Formal Logic.  Retrieved from:  https://www.britannica.com/topic/formal-logic

E Adams.  (2015).  Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive learning objectives.  NCBI.  Retrieved from:  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511057/

Heywood, A.  (2007).  Political Ideologies.  New York, USA.  Palgrave Macmillan.

Nabity.  (2021).  Hospital Credentialing: What to Expect as a Physician.  Physicians Thrive.  Retrieved from:  https://physiciansthrive.com/hospital-credentialing/

Spacey.  (2015).  What is informal logic?  Simplicable.  Retrieved from:  https://simplicable.com/new/informal-logic

Urry, L., et al.  (2021).  Campbell Biology.  Ontario, Canada.  Pearson.