The way that competence is
approached by Political Science takes from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons of Alberta and ACGME- Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical
Education which attests that there are six domains by which competence
develops. They are Communication,
Clientele, Professionalism, Systems, Processes, and Knowledge (Kavic 2002). Every graduate of any discipline has
developing competence through the teaching methods employed by academia. However,
it is the ability to prove self-directed studies that also creates competence
when validated with a Mentor or an Expert Witness. Potter and Perry says that ethics “provides direction
for ethical decision making and practice in everyday situations” (Ross-Kerr 2006). They define best practice as “guiding
principles leading to the most appropriate course of action certain standard
practice situations” (Ross- Kerr 2006).
These become important when it relates to the academic integrity of the
self-directed study. According to
UWaterloo, they define the steps within self- directed learning, 1) being ready
to learn, 2) setting learning goals, 3) engaging in the learning process, and
4) evaluating learning (UWaterloo 2023).
In the first step, the student must display a readiness to learn. This means that he or she displays some of
the following behaviors being autonomous, organized, self-disciplined, able to
communicate effectively, ability to accept constructive feedback and engage in
self-evaluation and self-reflection (UWaterloo 2023). This step requires the evaluation of past
education, experience and expertise within the subject matter to be
studied. In the second step, the student
sets objectives and goals. This is the
time that the student uses positive reinforcement and affirmative reminders to
get on track with the subject matter. In
this step, the student must declare the subject matter to be studied and the education
used to create the study via a DECLARATION and a PROPOSAL and these set out the
unit of study, the learning activities, details about primary and secondary
sources and learning objectives.
At this stage the Expert Witness, must agree to a PROPOSAL sent to them by the student- Political Scientist and then
they work towards a SERVICE AGREEMENT which then confirms that the student- Political Scientist is
to retain the Expert Witness for the purposes of self-directed studies. In step three the person engages in the
learning process. According to
UWaterloo, they say that the student engages in one of the three approaches to
studying, the deep approach, the surface approach and the strategic approach
(2023). The deep approach involves “understanding ideas for yourself, applying knowledge to new
situations and using novel examples to explain a concept, and learning more
than is required for unit completion” (UWaterloo 2023). The surface approach on the other hand
involves, “learning only what is required to complete a unit in good standing,
and tending to regurgitate examples and explanations used in readings”
(UWaterloo 2023). And, finally, the
strategic approach which means that the student- Political Scientist is organizing. In this method, the student- Political Scientist attempts to
achieve the highest possible grade and learning what is required to pass. Step four is evaluating the learning that
took place. This involves
self-reflection. Self-reflection can
occur through “VALUES CLARIFICATION,” or “JOURNALING” (University of Edinburgh
2023). With the steps of the self-
directed learning process detailed it becomes important to iterate the role of
the Expert Witness. The role is not of
an ordinary Instructor but rather an Advisor to the student- Political Scientist engaging in
self-directed studies. Within tertiary
learning, competence is harbored so that proficiency and mastery can be
achieved. Competence involves a base
line of knowledge. This knowledge is
then applied practically within the field, and repetition by the student
results in proficiency. As the
individual, under tertiary learning, continues to apply competencies, he
continues to grow competence because of the process of analysis but also he has
the ability to achieve mastery which means that the student has a firm grasp on
the competence that he has developed, about 80% of the content. For the purposes of acumen, self- directed
learning has multiple benefits according to the government of Ontario. The benefits of self-directed learning as it
pertains to acumen are as follows,
“Students
learn to think about their own thinking and learning (metacognition) and to
believe in their ability to learn and grow (growth mindset). They develop their
ability to set goals, stay motivated, and work independently; Students who
regulate their own learning are better prepared to become lifelong learners.
They reflect on their thinking, experiences, and values, and respond to
critical feedback, to enhance their learning. They also monitor the progress of
their learning. and; Students learn to
take the past into account in order to understand the present and approach the
future in a more informed way” (2023).
As it pertains to books of
authority, the Political Scientist should have a knowledge of the various
literatures that people in other professions utilize. Books of authority are defined by Boyd as “authoritative
texts or commentaries summarizing various forms of law and applicable
principles” from scholars of Law (2015).
This means that, these books were created in order to be able to manage
the regulated profession. In managing
the regulated profession, it ensures that client rights are upheld in an
ethical manner. Some books of authority
of other disciplines include: the Merc
Manual (Doctors), the Compendium of Pharmaceuticals (Pharmacists), Autodesk-
AutoCAD (Engineers) and Casebooks (Lawyers). A bit of investigation of the
discipline is necessary in order to be able to uncover these Books of Authority
hence it is up to the discretion of the Political Scientist to do research
before delving into a subject matter of a self-directed study of another
discipline. These books of authority
have detailed information on the knowledge of the discipline. These books also display the competence in
the form of baseline knowledge and then competencies can be extracted from
these. With pertinence to the discipline
of Political Science, the definitions for the above categories are generally as
follows:
Communication-
The ability to be able to communicate verbally and nonverbally. Being competent in this category means that
the individual is able to use various communication techniques in order to be
able to meet political objectives.
Further, nonverbal techniques of communication are utilized such as
knowledge of correspondence include letters, notes, memos etc. This also involves the employing of legal
communication and social justice communication.
Clientele-
The Political Scientist looks at clientele from a unitary perspective all the
way up to a group perspective- ex state or city etc. The Political Scientist is culturally
aware. This means that he observes
culturally considerate practices as this results in better diplomacy. The
Political Scientists is also aware of other Political figures or notable people
within its or other industries such as CEO’s or even social justice
entrepreneurs which could serve as social precedents by which to meet political
objectives.
Professionalism-
Being competent in this category means that the individual observes a sense of
ethics with relation to ethical dilemmas.
It also means that the individual keeps current on political matters and
further, he or she uses best practice principles to ensure accountability. The Political Scientist practices according
to the prescribed curricula of the discipline.
The Political Scientist becomes a life long learner because of the
professions dynamic nature.
Knowledge-
this includes practice and education.
The knowledge base of the discipline of Political Science is taught in
post-secondary studies wherein programs are approved by the Ministry of Higher
Education and are prescribed to students interested in studying the
discipline. The
below are the completion requirements to obtain an undergraduate diploma in the
discipline of Political Science.
Kwantlen
Polytechnic University in 2023 says that the student must completed 48 specified
credits for the a major in Political Science.
And they must complete English and Sociology as well. At Kwantlen Polytechnic University, at the
3000 and the 4000 level, the student is given an option to take the following POLI3131
(Politics of Continental Integration) or POLI3160 (International Organization)
and POLI3500 (Public Debates in Politics) or POLI4110 (Applied Policy seminar)
or POLI4500 (Model United Nations).
In
University of British Columbia 2023, the Political Science program is designed to
build on the previous courses at the lower levels. Hence the aim of this university is to
compound the knowledge learned through their teaching within the four years of the
undergraduate program. In the first year
program, they teach POLI 100 (Introduction to Politics), POLI101 (Introduction
to the Canadian Government) and POLI110 (Investigating Politics). In the second year, they require POLI220
(Introduction to Comparative Politics), POLI1240 (Currents of Political
Thought) and POLI260 (Introduction to Global Politics). As for the third year they teach POLI 380 (Quantitative
Methods in Political Science). Lastly,
for the fourth year, they require the student to do intensive research to
fulfill graduating requirements for the faculty of Arts.
Simon
Fraser University has a lower division and a higher division course
requirements as of 2023. They detail the lower
division which are the following: POL
100 (Introduction to Politics and Government), POL200W (Investigating
Politics: Research Design and
Qualitative Methods), POLI 201 (Introductory Quantitative Methods in Political
Science), POL 210 (Introduction to Political Philosophy) and one of the
following, POLI 221 (Introduction to the Canadian Government), POLI222
(Introduction to Canadian Politics) or POLI 253 (Introduction to Public Policy)
and one of POLI212 (Political Engagement:
From the Streets to the Ballot Box) or POL 141 (International
Relations).
University
of Toronto approaches Political Science by mixing and matching courses per it's 2023 website. To enroll into the Political Science program
the student must take two 100 level POLI courses of their choice. This university values breadth and diversity
so they let the students select POLI course to their interest. At the 200 level the student takes POL 200Y
(Political Theory: Visions of the Just/Good Society) and POL 320Y (Modern
Political Thought). The student is
further supposed to take one of the following POL 201Y (Politics of
Development: Issues and Controversies), POL 203Y (U.S. Government and
Politics), POL 207Y (Politics in Europe) and POL 215Y (Politics and
Transformation of Asia-Pacific) as these are comparative politics courses. For the third year, students are encouraged
to take 200 and 300 courses. They must
take a course in political theory, POL 320Y (Modern Political Thought). As for the fourth year, they employ joint
undergraduate-graduate seminars with extensive reading, research, and writing
as well as seminar discussion.
In 2023, University
California Berkley has six major requirements for graduating with an
undergraduate degree of Political Science.
First, they require the completion of two of the following courses PS 1,
Introduction to American Politics, PS 2, Introduction to Comparative Politics,
PS 4, Introduction to Political Theory and or PS 5, Introduction to
International Relations. Next the student is required to take PS 3, Intro to
Empirical Theory and Quantitative Methods.
As for the third requirement, the student must fulfill the History
component. Next, the student must complete
a course from every of the primary subfields which are: American Politics: PS 1, 102-111B, 116J,
150-189, Comparative Politics: PS 2, 136A-149Z, Empirical Theory and
Quantitative Methods: PS 3, 131A-C135, Political Theory: PS 4, 111AC,
112A-118AC, and International Relations: PS 5, 122A-129C, 138F, 144. With these subfields defined, the next step
is that the student must specialize in one of the six subfields. Lastly, the student must take eight upper
division courses within the Department of Political Science.
Systems-
The Political Scientist is aware and able to use social mobilization to affect
parts of the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial, all parts of any
government. The Political Scientist can
display knowledge of the government systems of other states and their governing
documents including items such as “The Constitution” and “The Charter of
Rights” if in Canada.
Processes- The Political Scientist is aware of how to initiate
processes by which would meet political objectives. This means that the Political Scientist is
aware of the processes involved within the domestic environment regarding
social mobilization. This is notwithstanding
process within the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of the
government.
The reason why the description of
competence and its categories are being used by Political Science is because
the discipline of Political Science, like the discipline of Medicine, has a
large scope. Akers defines scope as “the
range of the phenomena that it proposes to explain” (2013). The discipline itself works according to
theory (Structural Functionalism) and in this it is tautological which means this becomes a methodic system. Political Scientist are charged with analyzing and evaluating the public health and it's ecology because of this. This means that the Political
Scientist must understand multiple processes within the domestic environment to
be an adept and proficient Political Scientist.
With regards to the data above regarding the requirements for
undergraduate completion, it becomes evident that comparative politics,
communication and quantitative scientific analysis, debating and policy become
objectives of the discipline. It has
also been noted that this degree requires a lot of reading research and
writing.
The six-core competence model is
appropriate because the description of competence is wide. This process is a method, hence its a public right. Further, competence is a biological and
neurological concept. Being a biological
and neurological concept, it falls under the subject matter of Anatomy and
Physiology and Pathology. Physicians are
highly educated in the workings of the body this is notwithstanding the human head
and the Psychology that it involves.
Henceforth, the description of competence was taken and adjusted for the
discipline of Political Science. This
means that, in order to assess the discipline of another in Political Science, the individual must use the six-core competence method because it is backed up by
medical fact via research. Further, the description
was put under the lens of the Law Society for the reasons of equity & equality, safety & security, efficiency, feasibility, public
acceptability, sustainability, accessibility & inclusiveness” (Cleland
2020).
The Law Society’s description of competence serves as a means by which
there could be a check and balance to the description by ACGME. From an engineering perspective, the
fundamental principles are followed:
“As
professionals …. individually and collectively commit to serve and protect the
public …. The responsibility of self-regulation…;
These obligations provide a framework
for a Definition of Professional Practice and give rise to a Code of Ethics
which outlines the broad, fundamental principles to which the profession
aspires.”
As
per the Code of Ethics of Engineering, Political Science should uphold the
following:
“Hold paramount the safety, health and
welfare of the public and the protection of the environment and promote health
and safety within the workplace;
Act
as faithful agents of their clients or employers, maintain confidentiality and
avoid conflicts of interest, but, where such conflict arises, fully disclose
the circumstances without delay to the employer or client;
Keep
themselves informed in order to maintain their competence and strive to advance
the body of knowledge within which they practice;
Report to their regulator other
appropriate agencies any illegal or unethical …… decisions or practices by
registrants or others;
Be aware of, and ensure that clients
and employers are made aware of, societal and environmental consequences of
actions or projects and endeavor to interpret …. issues to the public in an objective and
truthful manner;
Treat equitably and promote the equitable and dignified treatment of people in accordance with human rights legislation" (2013).
With the above considerations, it
becomes evident that the discipline itself requires a governmental body to oversee
the profession as it is the discipline charged with the responsibility of
determining a “national interest.” With
concern of national interest, China is a modern technological country that has
been slowly gaining ground on the USA.
According to the latest publications, China now has the highest number
of published cited articles (Science 2022).
This is a very serious threat to the integrity of academia and
academics and democracy and public participation of democracy. The reason why this is a
threat is because under an authoritarian regime, the control of information to
the public and other stakeholders could be impaired. In countries like China, they have used
education as a means of propaganda.
Still yet to this day, China itself keeps deceiving its population about
the event of Tiananmen Square. On
another note, Tesla corporation had its patents fully available to the public in
a bid to combat patent monopolies.
Further the company needed to meet their mission statement which says,
its objective is to bring green technologies to the people as soon as possible.
A vehicle manufacturing company in China decided to take those and they infringed
on the patents (Reuters 2023). There is
another example of a Chinese company that has been charged by the
government. Luckin coffee is a coffee
brand which was a rival to other outlets such as Starbucks, and Dunkin
Doughnuts, JJ Bean, and Tim Hortons. This
company decided to deceive its stakeholders by deceptive accounting (Reuters
2021). These are the ramifications of a
China that has the highest number of Scholarly Journals which is why an Office
of Political Science becomes a necessary priority within the governments
national interest.
With regards to legislations,
several pieces of legislations are going to be detailed below. It becomes increasingly important for the
Political Scientist to note the origins of the standards established within the
governments domestic environment. It is
these laws that are codified that serve to enforce the rule of law. These rights under these legislations are
provided to citizens on the basis of policy objectives.
The Employment Standards Act
established standards of population behavior within the workplace. The literal (expression unius est exclusion
alterius) interpretation of part of the Act below is as follows:
"“employee” includes,
(a) a person, including an
officer of a corporation, who performs work for an employer for wages,
(b) a person who supplies
services to an employer for wages,
(c) a person who receives training from a person
who is an employer, if the skill in which the person is being trained is a
skill used by the employer’s employees, or
(d) a person who is a
homeworker,
and includes a person who was an employee; (“employé”)
“employer” includes,
(a) an owner, proprietor, manager,
superintendent, overseer, receiver or trustee of an activity, business, work,
trade, occupation, profession, project or undertaking who has control or
direction of, or is directly or indirectly responsible for, the employment of a
person in it, and
(b) any persons treated as
one employer under section 4, and includes a person who was an employer;
(“employeur”)
“employment contract” includes a collective agreement; (“contrat
de travail”)
“employment standard” means a requirement or prohibition under this Act that applies to an employer for the benefit of an employee; (“norme d’emploi”)
“establishment”, with respect to
an employer, means a location at which the employer carries on business but, if
the employer carries on business at more than one location, separate locations
constitute one establishment if,
(a) the separate locations
are located within the same municipality, or
(b) one or more employees at a location have seniority rights that extend to the other location under a written employment contract whereby the employee or employees may displace another employee of the same employer; (“établissement”)" (Government of Ontario 2023).
This part of the legislation defines an “employee.” It says that an “employee,” is a person working for an employer that earns wages. This employee provides services to the employee and is trained by the employer. This legislation also describes an “employer,” and an “establishment.” An employer is defined as an entity that has the responsibility for the employment of a person this is notwithstanding an “Owner,” or a “Manager.” The Act also defines an “establishment,” is a place of business. Last of note, the Act itself defines the origins of the employment “standard,” as this legislation.
With regards to the context (ejusdem
generis) interpretation of the Act, any individual within a work place must
behave according to this Act. In July
2023 according to CBC, the unemployment rate is 5.5% (2023), this means that
there are many people that are employed and it could be assumed that their behavior
at work spills over to other faucets of their lives. This means that it could be assumed that,
this Act establishes and promotes ethical behaviors within the domestic
environment. Hence, the discipline of
Political Science needs not focus largely on three of the six categories of
core competence which are specifically the following, Communication, Clientele
and Professionalism. This legislation is
also related to the following Acts which further serve to enforce three of the
six core competence categories, the Human Rights Code and the Occupational
Health and Safety Act.
Pertaining to purpose
interpretation (nosciutur a sociis), in the Province of Ontario this “legislation
was designed to set minimum standards for Ontario’s labor market and provide
legislative protection for those most vulnerable to employer exploitation” (2023). Some of the standards established through
this act are as follows, a minimum wage, pregnancy leave, overtime pay, severance
pay, and Ministry of Labor regulation.
In this legislation, the Ministry of Labor appoints an Employment
Standards Officer who may enter the premises for inspection and enforcement of the
Act. This Officer may request documents
from the business and further, they provide information to both employers and
employees for voluntary compliance with the legislation. This legislation essentially establishes a
baseline of professional behavior within the work environment for both
employees and employers. This act also essentially establishes policy objectives.
With regards to the University
Act, the statutory (expression unius est exclusion alterius) interpretation
of the act below is as follows:
"35.2 (1)A special purpose,
teaching university must have a senate.
(2)The senate of a special purpose, teaching university is
composed of the following:
(a)the chancellor;
(b)the president, who is its chair;
(c)the academic vice president or equivalent;
(d)the deans of faculties;
(e)the chief librarian;
(f)the registrar;
(g)two faculty members for each faculty, elected by faculty
members of the faculty;
(h)four students elected by the students;
(i)one alumni member who is not a faculty member, appointed by the
president on nomination by the alumni association;
(j)two support staff elected by the support staff;
(k)one non-voting member of the senate, if appointed to the senate
by the board to serve for one year.
(3)For the purposes of subsection (2) (j), "support
staff" means employees of the special purpose, teaching university who are
not
(a)officers of the special purpose, teaching university, or
(b)deans or faculty members.
(4)The senate of a special
purpose, teaching university must make bylaws for the conduct of the business
of the senate, including bylaws specifying the duties of members of the senate
in conflict of interest situations.
(5)The senate of a special purpose, teaching university has the
power and duty to do all of the following:
(a)regulate how its meetings and proceedings are conducted,
including determining
(i)the quorum necessary for the transaction of its business, and
(ii)how a vice chair, who is to chair meetings in the absence of
the president, is annually elected;
(b)set criteria for awarding certificates, diplomas and degrees,
including honorary degrees;
(c)set curriculum content for courses leading to certificates,
diplomas and degrees;
37 (1)The academic
governance of the university is vested in the senate and it has the following
powers:
(a)to regulate the conduct of its
meetings and proceedings, including the determination of the quorum necessary
for the transaction of its business, and the election of a vice chair at least
annually, who is to chair meetings in the absence of the president;
(b)to establish committees it
considers necessary and, by 2/3 vote of its members present, to delegate to one
or more committees those of its powers as it may determine;
(c)to determine all questions
relating to the academic and other qualifications required of applicants for
admission as students to the university or to any faculty, and to determine in
which faculty the students pursuing a course of study must register;
(d)to determine the conditions
under which candidates must be received for examination, to appoint examiners
and to determine the conduct and results of all examinations;
(e)to establish a standing committee to meet with the president
and assist the president in preparing the university budget;
(f)to consider, approve and recommend to the board the revision of courses of study, instruction and education in all faculties and departments of the university." (Government of British Columbia 2023).
The legislation states that, the
appointed university has a Senate. In
this there is the “Chancellor,” the, “President, the “Vice President” and the “Dean.” With that said, the legislation continues on
to specify that the Senate itself has the authority to, “set curriculums for
courses” and further down, the Senate, has the power to “consider, approve and
recommend to the board, the revision of course study.” This means that the Board of Directors has
the authority to control the prescribed curriculum of any discipline taught in
the province of British Columbia.
With regards to the University
Act, the context (ejusdem generis) interpretations as follows and as it
pertains to the discipline of Political Science- the discipline can work with
this legislation in getting its programs approved by the appointed university
within the province of British Columbia.
Working with this legislation helps establish the legitimacy of the
discipline and those who hold professions under it.
Pertaining to purpose
interpretation (nosciutur a sociis), in the Province of British Columbia, UBC
says that, “In 1890, the Provincial Legislature passed “An Act Respecting the
University of British Columbia.” Under terms of the Act, all graduates of any
university in the Dominion resident in British Columbia became members of the
University and constituted the first convocation” (2023). This act was used to establish higher
education in British Columbia while also helping to bring together other
Universities within the region. This
then becomes a matter of a legal maxim- assentio mentium – the meeting of minds.
With regards to the Health Professions Act, the statutory interpretation of the act below is as follows:
"12. Prohibition and
limitation — use of reserved titles
(1)If a regulation under section
12 (2) (b) prescribes a title to be used exclusively by registrants of a
college, a person other than a registrant of the college must not use the
title, an abbreviation of the title or an equivalent of the title or abbreviation
in another language
(a)to describe the person's work,
(b)in association with or as part of another title describing the
person's work, or
(c)in association with a description of the person's work.
(2)If a regulation under section
12 (2) (b.1) prescribes a limit or condition respecting the use of a title, the
title must not be used except in accordance with the regulation.
(3)A person other than a registrant of a college must not use a name, title, description or abbreviation of a name or title, or an equivalent of a name or title in another language, in any manner that expresses or implies that he or she is a registrant or associated with the college.
15. Health profession college established
(1)On designation of a health
profession under section 12 (1), a college responsible for carrying out the
objects of this Act in respect of the health profession is established.
(2)A college is a corporation consisting of
(a)the members of the board who are
(i)appointed under section 17 (2), or
(ii)appointed or elected in accordance with section 17
(3) and (4), and
(b)the persons who are registrants of the college.
(3)For the purposes of exercising its
powers and performing its duties under this Act, a college has the powers and
capacity of a natural person of full capacity, including the power to acquire
and dispose of property.
(3.1)[Repealed 2008-29-9.]
(4)The Business Corporations Act does not apply to a college unless the minister, by regulation, provides that specified provisions of that Act apply to the college, in which case the specified provisions apply.
16. Duty and
objects of a college
(1)It is the duty of a college at all times
(a)to serve and protect the public, and
(b)to exercise its powers and discharge its
responsibilities under all enactments in the public interest.
(2)A college has the following objects:
(a)to superintend the practice of the profession;
(b)to govern its registrants according to this Act, the
regulations and the bylaws of the college;
(c)to establish the conditions or requirements for
registration of a person as a member of the college;
(d)to establish, monitor and enforce
standards of practice to enhance the quality of practice and reduce
incompetent, impaired or unethical practice amongst registrants;
(e)to establish and maintain a continuing competency
program to promote high practice standards amongst registrants;
(f)to establish, for a college
designated under section 12 (2) (h), a patient relations program to seek to
prevent professional misconduct of a sexual nature;
(g)to establish, monitor and enforce standards of
professional ethics amongst registrants;
(h)to require registrants to provide to an individual
access to the individual's health care records in appropriate circumstances;
(i)to inform individuals of their rights under this Act
and the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act;
(i.1)to establish and employ registration, inquiry and
discipline procedures that are transparent, objective, impartial and fair;
(j)to administer the affairs of the college and perform
its duties and exercise its powers under this Act or other enactments;
(k)in the course of performing its
duties and exercising its powers under this Act or other enactments, to promote
and enhance the following:
(i)collaborative relations with other
colleges, regional health boards designated under the Health Authorities Act
and other entities in the Provincial health system, post-secondary education
institutions and the government;
(ii)interprofessional collaborative practice between
its registrants and persons practising another health profession;
(iii)the ability of its registrants to respond and adapt to changes in practice environments, advances in technology and other emerging issues.
Board for health profession college
17 (1)For each
college, there is a board.
(2)The minister must, by order,
(a)appoint to the first board for a college persons who
each hold office for the term set by the minister, and
(b)set a date by which all members of the board must be
appointed or elected in accordance with the bylaws.
(2.1)For the purposes of subsection (2) (a), the
minister may set different terms for different persons.
(3)Subject to subsection (4.1), the board for the
college consists of the following:
(a)not fewer than 3 registrants elected in accordance
with the bylaws;
(a.1)the certified non-registrants elected in
accordance with the bylaws;
(a.2)the certified non-registrants appointed by the
board in accordance with the bylaws;
(b)not fewer than 2 persons appointed by order of the
minister.
(4)Subject to subsection (4.1), the number of persons
appointed under subsection (3) (b)
(a)must not be less than 1/3 of the total board
membership, and
(b)must not be more than the total number of persons
elected or appointed under subsection (3) (a) to (a.2).
(4.1)The board for a college is deemed
to be constituted in accordance with subsections (3) and (4) beginning on the
date of the appointment of the first board under subsection (2) and ending on
the earlier of the following dates:
(a)the date on which all members of the board have been
appointed or elected in accordance with subsection (3) (a) to (a.2);
(b)the date set under subsection (2) (b).
(5)Subject to sections 25.05 and
25.06, a member of a board who has resigned or whose appointment or term of
office has expired or otherwise ended may, even if a successor is appointed or
elected, continue to serve as a member of a committee established under section
19 (1) (t) to complete work of the committee that began before the resignation
or the expiry or end of the term.
(6)Persons appointed by the minister under subsection (2) (a) or (3) (b) need not be registrants or eligible to be registrants" (Government of British Columbia 2023).
This legislation literally establishes a college which has control of reserved titles such as MD, RN, LPN. The designated colleges regulate the persons work and the description of the work. It says that the “college” is composed of a Board of Directors who are appointed to the corporation. Their duty is based on a maxim, salus populi est suprema lex or suprema lex salus populi. Hence the board must, serve the public and protect the public interest. The board establishes registration and collaborates with other colleges. They also enforce a standard within the profession. Lastly, within the board, the person’s appointed need not be registrants of the College corporation.
With regards to the Health
Professions Act, the context interpretation of the act is as follows, with
regards to the discipline of Political Science a title can be used “BA.” BA is the acronym for Bachelor of Arts. Political Science is a degree that falls
under the faculty of Arts within the University. This “title” could be regulated by a college
of Political Science. If a college of
Poltical Science manifests, it must work and collaborate with the health colleges under this legislations or the legislations that precede it.
With regards to the Health Professions Act, the purpose interpretation of the act is as follows, in British Columbia, it is being planned that all Health professions will now fall under the “Health Professions and Occupations Act” (CBC 2022). Health professions in Canada have only been regulated for about 30 – 40 years, in the 90’s. The purpose of this legislation according to Ontario, is to “better protect and serve the public interest; be a more open and accountable system of self-governance; provide a more modern framework for the work of health professionals; provide consumers with freedom of choice; and provide mechanisms to improve quality of care” (2023).
"Jury Act
3. disqualification from
serving as a juror
3 (1)A person is
disqualified from serving as a juror who is
(a)not a Canadian citizen,
(b)not resident in British Columbia,
(c)under the age of majority,
(d)a member or officer of the Parliament of Canada or of the Privy
Council of Canada,
(e)a member or officer of the Legislature or of the Executive
Council,
(f)a judge, justice or court
referee,
(g) and (h)[Repealed 2004-23-22.]
(i)an employee of the Legal Services Society or of a funded
agency, as defined by the Legal Services Society Act,
(j)a barrister or solicitor,
(k)a court official,
(l)a sheriff or sheriff's officer,
(m)a peace officer,
(n)a warden, correctional officer or person employed in a
penitentiary, prison, correctional institution or youth custody centre,
(o)subject to a mental or physical infirmity incompatible with the
discharge of the duties of a juror,
(p)a person convicted of an
offence under the Criminal Code, the Cannabis Act (Canada) or the Controlled
Drugs and Substances Act (Canada) unless a pardon was granted or issued, or a
record suspension was ordered, under the Criminal Records Act (Canada) and the
pardon or record suspension, as the case may be, has not been revoked or ceased
to have effect,
(q)currently charged with an
offence under the Criminal Code, the Cannabis Act (Canada) or the Controlled
Drugs and Substances Act (Canada), or
(r)a member of a class of persons prescribed by regulation" (Government of British Columbia 2023).
The literal interpretation of this
act above is as follows, Jurors are found to be ineligible if they meet the
following requirements under s3. Grounds
for disqualification are examples as, not being a Canadian citizen, under the
age of majority or even being a barrister or solicitor. For the context interpretation, the Political
Scientist must be aware of his or her profession within the field and ‘that if
he or she progresses to other parts of the government, he may not be able to be
qualified for Jury duty because it becomes a conflict of interest. Regardless, this legislation is a means by
which to explain eligibility within a college of Political Science. With regards to the Jury Act, the purpose
interpretation is to have a democratic inclusive society. By being a Juror, the rational decision
making of the citizen is factored into the rendered decision by a civil
Judge. This gives the rendered decision
the force of democracy.
With
regards to the Good Samaritan Act, the statutory interpretation of the
act below is as follows:
"1
No liability
for emergency aid unless gross negligence
1 A person who renders emergency medical services or aid to an ill, injured or unconscious person, at the immediate scene of an accident or emergency that has caused the illness, injury or unconsciousness, is not liable for damages for injury to or death of that person caused by the person's act or omission in rendering the medical services or aid unless that person is grossly negligent" (Government of British Columbia 2023).
The literal interpretation of this legislation means that the person providing “aid,” to an individual that is in immediate need is not liable for damages that occur as a result of providing that “aid.” In that, the person providing the aid is protected under this legislation as they provided a service on the basis of good faith. Yates describes “good faith as, “a characteristic of bargaining that makes every reasonable effort to reach an agreement” (2017).
With regards to (ejusdem generis) the context interpretation, it means that if Political Scientist provides “emergency aid,” to an individual requiring help with his or her injury- defined as a tort in the Yates text, he or she is not liable because those services were provided on the basis of “good faith.” However, if the Political Scientist provides services with the principles of consideration in mind, he or she is disqualified because he took profit from it. Hence, the diligent Political Scientist can provide aid via AMICUS BRIEFS as he aims to become an amicus curae.
With
regards to the Good Samaritan Act, the purpose interpretation is as
follows: This act was created so that
people would not be in fear to come to the assistance of individuals experiencing
the peril of injury from an emergency situation. Valiente Mott says that “the law encourages
altruism in each one of us. Before the law was established, it was found that
people, in an ever-increasingly litigious society, were reluctant to come to
the aid of others for fear of exposing themselves to litigation (2023).
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